Critical thinking

Monkey contemplating the pseudoscientific nature of homeopathy

Having the skills to think critically about new information is a vital skill in the modern era. Without it, people are subject to grift, pseudoscience, conspiracy, and misinformation.

Critical thinking and skepticism are often confused with being contrarian. These are not the same thing. A contrarian may offer some valid criticisms of an out-group, but will not concede any valid points they make.

"It's sort of a mental attitude about critical thinking and curiosity. It's about mindset of looking at the world in a playful and curious and creative way." -Adam Savage

The meaning of critical thinking and skepticism has been muddied in recent years by conspiracy theorists, racists and misogynists, and other misinformation peddlers who employ the language of critical thinking to what is actually institutional contrarianism.

True critical thinking is open to the evaluation of new evidence and willing to change positions if that evidence warrants it, regardless of in-group affiliation.

See Critical Thinking, Skepticism, and Reason on Wikipedia.

Also related are Science and Logic.

Ways Critical Thinking Goes Wrong

Cognitive Bias refers to the ways that we prefer interpretations of facts that conform to various prejudices. In-group affinity bias and out-group implicit bias are some of the most important ones, which is why they are referenced so often in this wiki. Fundamental attribution is another common one, where we assume people's actions are reflections of their free will, instead of situational ethics, incentives, and power dynamics.

The producers of this content are biased against embedding videos so you'll have to click the links to watch.

• 12 Cognitive Biases Explained
• Every Bias Explained in 8 Minutes
• Laurie Santo educational series on Cognitive Biases on Wi-Phi

Logical Fallacies happen when faulty reasoning is made in the construction of an argument. Understanding and avoiding them is necessary for effective persuasion, and for truth in general. Some of the most common are the straw man, bandwagoning, false equivalence, and ad hominem, though you should take the time to familiarize yourself with all of them. Once you do you will start seeing examples of them everywhere you look, especially if you follow politics.

• Every Logical Fallacy Explained in 11 Minutes
  

Logical Fallacies

Critical Thinking is Spiritual

If you consider spirituality to be a search for truth, meaning, and moral living, critical thinking, science, and reason are your biggest allies in your journey. Without them, you have no way to tell when you are being deceived.

Even if you are studying scripture, and are certain of its divine inspiration, you cannot be certain of your own interpretations, or those of others, without critical thinking.

Critical thinking and skepticism, when directed at one's own beliefs, are the essence of humility. Acknowledging that you might be wrong, that others may have more information or a different perspective that you haven't considered, is intellectual and spiritual humility.

When belief is based on faith, critical thinking is seen as doubt and lack of conviction. In the short term this may be true. However, once beliefs have been examined, deconstructed, and reconstructed using a rational framework, they become far more powerful than those that rely on faith in literal interpretations of scripture.

Is Rationality Inevitable?

Communicative Rationality is the theory that rationality is the inevitable outcome of successful communication, and that rationality is a built-in property of language. Yuval Noah Harari's book Nexus suggests otherwise, pointing to many cases throughout history where technologies that improve our ability to communicate have led to the spread of misinformation and authoritarian abuses of power. One could argue that these simply represent unsuccessful attempts at communication. In any case, regardless of whether progress trends toward reason because it is inevitable, or because we choose reason over misinformation, or because we inevitably choose reason due to determinism, we should still make that choice.

Rationality Resources

The Sense & Sensibility & Science online course, and the the book Third Millennium Thinking that it is based on, are good comprehensive guides to critical thinking.

Thinking is Power has great free courses that teach critical thinking skills.

Hidden Brain - How to Open Your Mind

Hidden Brain - Revealing Your Unconscious Part 1 and Part 2

Improve Your Critical Thinking

5 Steps to Improve Critical Thinking

A Rational Look at Irrationality: Steven Pinker

Intro to Philosophy 115 - Critical Thinking

Tracy Chapman - Give Me One Reason